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Edexcel 化学

Edexcel IAL Chemistry U2 Concept Map

28 个知识节点 · U2

1. Topic 6 — Enthalpy diagrams

\(\Delta H\) from enthalpy level diagrams(焓变与箭头)
📖 DefinitionTopic 6:总反应焓变 \Delta H 为产物与反应物的焓差;图中不同竖直箭头常对应活化能或与中间体之差。
🔑 Key选“反应物 \rightarrow 产物”的净竖直差,勿选到中间体或活化垒。
🎯 Exam focus有中间体的图:区分 activation energy、反应物至中间体、中间体至产物各段。
🛠️ Technique先标反应物与产物能级 \rightarrow 找代表整段反应的那条竖箭头 \rightarrow 与选项字母对应。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

An enthalpy level diagram for a reaction with an intermediate is shown (labels: intermediate, reactants, products; progress vs enthalpy). Which arrow shows the enthalpy change for this reaction? A arrow A B arrow B C arrow C D arrow D
整段反应的 \Delta H 为反应物与产物能级之差 \rightarrow A。
[B1] MS: A(wch12_s24_ms_12)。
Mean bond enthalpy equation(平均键焓方程式)
📖 DefinitionTopic 6:mean bond enthalpy 指气态分子中断裂 **1 mol** 该类型键的平均焓变;对多键分子常写为按键数均分的反应式。
🔑 Key\mathrm{CCl_4}\mathrm{C-Cl} 平均键焓对应 \frac14\mathrm{CCl_4(g)}\rightarrow \frac14\mathrm{C(g)}+\mathrm{Cl(g)}
🎯 Exam focus注意是 **断裂** 还是 **生成**;计量系数要与“每键”定义一致。
🛠️ Technique写目标键一条 \rightarrow\frac1n 气态分子 \rightarrow 右侧为气态原子/碎片。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

Which equation represents the reaction for which the enthalpy change, \Delta_\mathrm{r}H, is the mean bond enthalpy of the \mathrm{C-Cl} bond in \mathrm{CCl_4}? A \mathrm{CCl_4(g)\rightarrow C(g)+4Cl(g)} B \mathrm{\tfrac14CCl_4(g)\rightarrow \tfrac14C(g)+Cl(g)} C \mathrm{C(g)+4Cl(g)\rightarrow CCl_4(g)} D \mathrm{\tfrac14C(g)+Cl(g)\rightarrow \tfrac14CCl_4(g)}
平均键焓对应断裂 **1 mol** \mathrm{C-Cl} 且由 \frac14 摩尔 \mathrm{CCl_4} 出发 \rightarrow B。
[B1] MS: B。

2. Topic 6 — \(\Delta_\mathrm{f}H^\ominus\) & Hess

\(\Delta_\mathrm{f}H^ominus\) measurement equation(标准生成焓)
📖 DefinitionTopic 6:在标准状态下,由 **最稳定单质** 生成 **1 mol** 化合物时的焓变;元素须为其标准态(物态、同素异形体)。
🔑 Key\mathrm{O_2(g)}\mathrm{Cu(s)}\mathrm{C}(石墨)等常作标准态参考。
🎯 Exam focus勿用 \mathrm{O(g)} 或气态金属代替标准态单质;方程式系数与 “1 mol 产物” 一致。
🛠️ Technique圈出 1 mol 产物 \rightarrow 左侧只出现标准态单质 \rightarrow 配平 \mathrm{O_2} 为整数或半整数。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Winter 2024

Which equation shows the reaction that occurs when the standard enthalpy change of formation of copper(II) carbonate is measured? A \mathrm{Cu(s)+C(s)+3O(g)\rightarrow CuCO_3(s)} B \mathrm{2Cu(s)+2C(s)+3O_2(g)\rightarrow 2CuCO_3(s)} C \mathrm{Cu(g)+C(g)+1\tfrac12O_2(g)\rightarrow CuCO_3(s)} D \mathrm{Cu(s)+C(s)+1\tfrac12O_2(g)\rightarrow CuCO_3(s)}
标准态 \mathrm{Cu}\mathrm{C}(石墨)、\mathrm{O_2} 生成 **1 mol** \mathrm{CuCO_3} \rightarrow D。
[B1] MS: D(wch12_w24_ms_12)。
Hess cycles from \(\Delta_\mathrm{r}H\) data(由已知反应焓组合目标反应)
📖 DefinitionTopic 6:若若干反应的 \Delta_\mathrm{r}H 已知,可通过 **翻转**(变号)、**乘系数**、**相加** 消去中间物种,得到目标反应的焓变;不必每题都画大图,代数与循环等价。
🔑 Key目标反应中某物质若在已知式中产物侧出现,而目标中在反应物侧,则该已知式需 **反向** 并 **变号**;系数与物质的量一致。
🎯 Exam focus注意 \mathrm{CO} 等系数:若目标需 3\ \mathrm{CO},生成 \mathrm{CO} 的已知式要乘 3。
🛠️ Technique写出目标式 \rightarrow 列已知式编号 \rightarrow 配系数使中间物相消 \rightarrow 代数和得 \Delta H

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2023

The enthalpy changes for two reactions are shown. \mathrm{2Fe(s)+1\tfrac12O_2(g)\rightarrow Fe_2O_3(s)}\quad \Delta_\mathrm{r}H=-824\ \mathrm{kJ\ mol^{-1}} \mathrm{C(s)+\tfrac12O_2(g)\rightarrow CO(g)}\quad \Delta_\mathrm{r}H=-111\ \mathrm{kJ\ mol^{-1}} What is the enthalpy change for \mathrm{Fe_2O_3(s)+3C(s)\rightarrow 2Fe(s)+3CO(g)}? A +491 B +713 C -491 D -713 (all in \mathrm{kJ\ mol^{-1}})
翻转 \mathrm{Fe_2O_3} 生成式得 +824;三倍 \mathrm{CO} 生成式得 3\times(-111);相加 +824-333=+491 \rightarrow A。
[B1] MS: A(wch12_s23_ms_12)。

3. Topic 6 — Bond & calorimetry

Bond enthalpy from Hess data(键焓与循环)
📖 DefinitionTopic 6:利用 \Delta H 与表中键焓,通过反应物键断裂、产物键形成列方程求未知键焓(注意计量与物态)。
🔑 Key\mathrm{CH_4(g)+H_2O(g)\rightleftharpoons CO(g)+3H_2(g)}\quad\Delta H=+206\ \mathrm{kJ\ mol^{-1}} 类题:先数清断键/成键摩尔数。
🎯 Exam focus易漏乘系数:如 \mathrm{H_2O}\mathrm{O-H} 条数、产物 \mathrm{H-H} 摩尔数。
🛠️ Technique写反应 \rightarrow \sum(断键键焓)-\sum(成键键焓)=\Delta H \rightarrow 解未知键焓。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Winter 2024

The equilibrium between methane and steam is shown. \mathrm{CH_4(g)+H_2O(g)\rightleftharpoons CO(g)+3H_2(g)}\quad \Delta H = +206\ \mathrm{kJ\ mol^{-1}} (c) Some bond enthalpies are shown. Bond \quad Bond enthalpy / kJ mol^{-1} \mathrm{H-H} \quad 436; \mathrm{C\equiv O} \quad 1077; \mathrm{O-H} \quad 464 What is the bond enthalpy, in kJ mol^{-1}, of the \mathrm{C-H} bond? A 198 B 313 C 416 D 532
按 MS 思路列断键减成键等于 +206 \rightarrow \mathrm{C-H} 键焓 \approx 416 \rightarrow C。
[B1] MS: C。
\(q=mc\Delta T\) & enthalpy of neutralisation(量热与中和焓)
📖 DefinitionTopic 6/9:溶液量热常用 q=mc\Delta T(或总质量与 4.18\ \mathrm{J\ g^{-1}\,^{\circ}C^{-1}});由 q 与反应物质的量得 \Delta_\mathrm{neut}H(常按生成 1\ \mathrm{mol\ H_2O} 或按卷面指定基准)。实验值与数据手册差异来自热损失、比热容近似、测温与加液体误差等。
🔑 Key中和焓题常给密度 1.00\ \mathrm{g\ cm^{-3}} 把体积当总质量;注意是酸过量还是碱过量决定用哪一侧物质的量。
🎯 Exam focus区分 **百分误差** 相对实验值还是数据手册值;比较热容取值对结果偏差方向(见 MS 文字理由)。
🛠️ Technique读题给总质量或 m_\mathrm{total} \rightarrow q \rightarrow 除以对应摩尔数得 \Delta H;符号与放热方向自检。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2023

Excess zinc is added to 50.00\ \mathrm{g} of 0.500\ \mathrm{mol\ dm^{-3}} copper(II) sulfate in a polystyrene cup. \Delta H is calculated as -185\ \mathrm{kJ\ mol^{-1}}; data book value -217\ \mathrm{kJ\ mol^{-1}}. (a) The percentage error in this experiment is A \pm 7.37\% B \pm 8.65\% C 14.7\% D 17.3\% (b) In the calculation, c is taken as 4.18\ \mathrm{J\ g^{-1}\,^{\circ}C^{-1}} rather than 3.85\ \mathrm{J\ g^{-1}\,^{\circ}C^{-1}}. The use of 4.18 in the calculation A partly responsible for the error B lowers the error C negligible effect D negligible compared with measurement uncertainties
(a) |\Delta|/217\times100\%\approx 14.7\% \rightarrow C。(b) 按官方 MS:较大 c 使 |q| 偏大、算得焓变更接近数据手册,属 **降低误差** 方向叙述 \rightarrow B。
[B1]\times2 MS: (a) C (b) B(wch12_s23_ms_12)。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

(Titration–calorimetry experiment; graph of temperature vs volume of \mathrm{NH_3} added.) (c) \mathrm{CH_3COOH(aq)+NH_3(aq)\rightarrow CH_3COONH_4(aq)}. Calculate the **enthalpy change of neutralisation** (\mathrm{kJ\ mol^{-1}}), to appropriate s.f., with a sign. [Assume density 1.00\ \mathrm{g\ cm^{-3}} for all solutions and c=4.18\ \mathrm{J\ g^{-1}\,^{\circ}C^{-1}}.]
由图中最佳拟合得终点体积与 \Delta T_\mathrm{max} \rightarrow 总溶液质量 \times c\times\Delta Tq \rightarrow 用终点时限量反应物(题设 \mathrm{NH_3} 或酸)物质的量除得 \Delta_\mathrm{neut}H(数值与符号以卷面图数据为准)。
[5] 长问评分见 wch12_s24_ms_12;此处强调 q = mcΔT 与「每摩尔限量反应物」的换算链。

4. Topic 7 — IMF & boiling

Ion–dipole interactions(离子–偶极)
📖 DefinitionTopic 7:离子化合物溶于极性溶剂时,离子与水偶极间主要为 **ion–dipole** 相互作用(强于与非极性溶剂)。
🔑 Key\mathrm{NaCl} 溶于水:水分子偶极包围 \mathrm{Na^+}\mathrm{Cl^-}
🎯 Exam focus勿把离子溶液中的主要作用说成纯 London 或氢键(离子与偶极为主)。
🛠️ Technique看溶质是否离子、溶剂是否强极性 \rightarrow 选 ion–dipole。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

Sodium chloride dissolves in water to form a solution because of the interactions between the sodium chloride and water. What are these interactions? A dipole–dipole B hydrogen bonds C ion–dipole D London forces
离子 + 极性水 \rightarrow ion–dipole \rightarrow C。
[B1] MS: C。
Boiling points: branching & H-bonds(沸点与 IMF)
📖 DefinitionTopic 7:烷烃支链多则表面积小、London 力弱、沸点低;含 \mathrm{-OH} 可形成氢键时沸点显著升高;多元醇更多位点可形成更多氢键。
🔑 Key同碳数:直链沸点高于高度支链;能形成更多分子间氢键的醇二醇沸点高于单醇与烷烃。
🎯 Exam focus比较沸点先分类(仅 London / 有 H-bond),再比支链与 \mathrm{-OH} 数目。
🛠️ Technique画结构看支链 \rightarrow\mathrm{-OH} \rightarrow 与选项沸点排序对照。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

This question is about boiling temperatures. (b) Which compound has the highest boiling temperature? A pentane B cyclopentane C butan-1-ol D butane-1,4-diol
二醇可形成更多氢键,沸点最高 \rightarrow D。
[B1] MS: D。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Jan 2024 (M24)

Which alkane has the strongest London forces in the liquid phase? A \mathrm{(CH_3)_4C} B \mathrm{CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2CH_3} C \mathrm{(C_2H_5)_4C} D \mathrm{CH_3(CH_2)_7CH_3}
相同系列中表面积最大、电子最多的直链长链 London 力最强 \rightarrow D。
[B1] MS: D(wch12_m24_ms_12)。

5. Topic 8 — Group 2

Heating Group 2 (and Li) nitrates(硝酸盐热分解)
📖 DefinitionTopic 8:硝酸盐受热分解产物因阳离子不同而异:锂生成亚硝酸盐路线与碱土金属硝酸盐生成氧化物/\mathrm{NO_2}/\mathrm{O_2} 等需按课纲区分记忆。
🔑 Key对比表格中 “锂盐” 与 “钙盐” 两列产物,注意是否出现亚硝酸盐或氧化物组合。
🎯 Exam focus表格题先对齐 **同一行** 是哪种硝酸盐,再读产物是否自洽。
🛠️ Technique记 Li 与 Ca 的典型分解差异 \rightarrow 用排除法消去与课纲矛盾的选项。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

What are the products formed when lithium nitrate and calcium nitrate are heated separately? (table: lithium nitrate column; calcium nitrate column — options combine nitrite/oxide/\mathrm{NO_2}/\mathrm{O_2} wording as on paper)
锂与钙硝酸盐热分解产物组合与课纲一致的一项 \rightarrow D(见 MS 表)。
[B1] MS: D。
Flame test explanation(焰色机理)
📖 DefinitionTopic 8:焰色来自电子受激后 **跃迁回低能级** 发射光子;颜色差异主要由能级差不同决定。
🔑 Key关键词:emit on return to lower level;能级间隔决定波长。
🎯 Exam focus勿选“吸收能量跳到高能级”作为发射颜色解释;区分吸收与发射表述。
🛠️ Technique读题干问 “best explanation” \rightarrow 优先选电子跃迁 + 发射光子叙述。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

Group 2 compounds give different colours in a flame test. The best explanation is that the cations have different A gaps between electronic energy levels B ionic radii C ionisation energies D numbers of electrons
颜色由能级差决定 \rightarrow A。
[B1] MS: A。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Winter 2024

Which statement explains the origin of a flame test colour? A electrons absorb energy as they jump to a higher energy level B electrons emit energy as they jump to a higher energy level C electrons absorb energy as they drop to a lower energy level D electrons emit energy as they drop to a lower energy level
发射光子在回到较低能级时 \rightarrow D。
[B1] MS: D。

6. Topic 8 — Tests & salts

Unknown ionic compound: flame + \(\mathrm{Ag^+}\)(推断盐)
📖 DefinitionTopic 8:白沉淀 + \mathrm{AgNO_3} 暗示卤离子;焰色限定阳离子;排除与沉淀颜色矛盾的卤素。
🔑 Key\mathrm{AgCl} 白;\mathrm{AgBr} 奶油色;\mathrm{AgI} 黄;焰色与阳离子对应表需熟。
🎯 Exam focus“白沉淀 + 红焰” 同时满足:阳离子与卤素组合要自洽。
🛠️ Technique先由焰色缩阳离子范围 \rightarrow 再由卤化银颜色排除卤素 \rightarrow 选盐。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

Two tests were performed on an unknown ionic compound. Silver nitrate solution was added to an aqueous solution of the compound, forming a white precipitate. A flame test carried out on the ionic compound gave a red flame. The unknown compound could have been A calcium iodide B lithium bromide C potassium carbonate D strontium chloride
白沉淀 \rightarrow \mathrm{Cl^-};红焰 \rightarrow \mathrm{Sr^{2+}} \rightarrow D。
[B1] MS: D。
Group 2 metal + steam(镁与蒸汽)
📖 DefinitionTopic 8:镁与蒸汽反应主要生成 **氧化镁** 与氢气(非 \mathrm{Mg(OH)_2} 为主产物)。
🔑 Key\mathrm{MgO}\mathrm{Mg} 为 +2 价,化学式勿写成 \mathrm{Mg_2O}\mathrm{MgOH}
🎯 Exam focus比较四个方程式的产物化学式与常见反应事实。
🛠️ Technique先写氧化态守恒 \rightarrow 排除不合理化学式 \rightarrow 选生成 \mathrm{MgO+H_2}

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

Steam is passed over heated magnesium. Which reaction occurs most readily? A \mathrm{Mg+H_2O\rightarrow MgO+H_2} B \mathrm{Mg+2H_2O\rightarrow Mg(OH)_2+H_2} C \mathrm{2Mg+H_2O\rightarrow Mg_2O+H_2} D \mathrm{2Mg+2H_2O\rightarrow 2MgOH+H_2}
生成 \mathrm{MgO} \rightarrow A。
[B1] MS: A。

7. Topic 6/1 — Stoichiometry

Combustion: moles of \(\mathrm{O_2}\)(燃烧需氧量)
📖 DefinitionTopic 6/1:写配平燃烧方程式,比较 1 mol 有机物完全燃烧所需 \mathrm{O_2} 摩尔数。
🔑 Key含氧有机物可先扣去分子内氧再算外加 \mathrm{O_2}
🎯 Exam focus题给 “exactly nine moles of \mathrm{O_2}” 需精确配平验证。
🛠️ Technique配平 \mathrm{C_xH_yO_z + O_2\rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O} \rightarrow\mathrm{O_2} 系数。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

Which compound needs exactly nine moles of oxygen (\mathrm{O_2}) for complete combustion of one mole of the compound? A \mathrm{C_5H_{12}} B \mathrm{C_6H_{12}O} C \mathrm{C_6H_{14}} D \mathrm{C_6H_{14}O}
配平得 \mathrm{C_6H_{14}O}9\ \mathrm{mol\ O_2} \rightarrow D。
[B1] MS: D。
\(\mathrm{BaCl_2}\) test: which stays clear?(硫酸根沉淀)
📖 DefinitionTopic 8:\mathrm{Ba^{2+}}\mathrm{SO_4^{2-}} 生成 \mathrm{BaSO_4} 白沉;无 \mathrm{SO_4^{2-}} 或与 \mathrm{Ba^{2+}} 不沉淀的阴离子体系可保持澄清。
🔑 Key\mathrm{NaNO_3}\mathrm{BaCl_2} 不产生 \mathrm{BaSO_4}
🎯 Exam focus读清 “remains clear” 是指不产生硫酸钡等沉淀。
🛠️ Technique拆各选项离子 \rightarrow 是否出现 \mathrm{Ba^{2+}}+\mathrm{SO_4^{2-}}

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

Which solution remains clear on addition to barium chloride solution? A dilute sulfuric acid B silver nitrate solution C sodium nitrate solution D sodium sulfate solution
\mathrm{SO_4^{2-}}\mathrm{Ba^{2+}} 沉淀反应 \rightarrow C。
[B1] MS: C。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Jan 2024 (M24)

Equal volumes of some 0.01\ \mathrm{mol\ dm^{-3}} solutions were mixed. A \mathrm{BaCl_2} and \mathrm{AgNO_3} B \mathrm{BaCl_2} and \mathrm{Ag_2SO_4} C \mathrm{BaCl_2} and \mathrm{NaNO_3} D \mathrm{BaCl_2} and \mathrm{Na_2SO_4}
\mathrm{Ag_2SO_4} 提供 \mathrm{Ag^+}\mathrm{SO_4^{2-}},与 \mathrm{BaCl_2} 同时生成 \mathrm{AgCl}\mathrm{BaSO_4} 沉淀(见 MS 叙述)\rightarrow B。
[B1] MS: B。

8. Topic 9 — Maxwell–Boltzmann

Maxwell–Boltzmann: temperature & catalyst(分布曲线)
📖 DefinitionTopic 9:升温使曲线 **峰降低、右移**;更多粒子能量超过 E_\mathrm{a}。催化剂 **降低** E_\mathrm{a}(图上 E_\mathrm{a} 左移),曲线形状峰位不变。另:E_\mathrm{mean}E_\mathrm{mode} 随温度而变,E_\mathrm{a} 不因单纯升温而变。
🔑 Key催化剂不改变温度下的分子能量分布峰位置,只改变阈能位置。
🎯 Exam focus严格区分 “曲线怎么动” 与 “E_\mathrm{a} 线怎么动”;另题若问 E_\mathrm{a}/E_\mathrm{mean}/E_\mathrm{mode} 谁随温度变,逐项判断。
🛠️ Technique读题 (a) 只问温度 \rightarrow 峰高与最概然能量;(b) 问催化剂 \rightarrow 只动 E_\mathrm{a}

Edexcel WCH12/01 Winter 2024

A Maxwell–Boltzmann curve showing the distribution of molecular energies is shown (fraction vs energy, with E_\mathrm{a} marked). (a) What happens to the curve when the temperature is increased? A the peak becomes higher and further to the right B the peak becomes higher and further to the left C the peak becomes lower and further to the right D the peak becomes lower and further to the left (b) How does the diagram change if a catalyst is added? A the activation energy moves to the right and the peak stays the same B the activation energy moves to the left and the peak moves to the right C the activation energy moves to the left and the peak stays the same D the activation energy stays the same and the peak moves to the right
(a) 升温:峰降低且右移 \rightarrow C;(b) 催化剂:E_\mathrm{a} 左移、峰不变 \rightarrow C。
[B1]\times2 MS: (a) C (b) C。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

Four containers of the same dimensions hold samples of a gas. For Container 1, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution shows E_\mathrm{a}, E_\mathrm{mean} and E_\mathrm{mode}. (a) For Container 2, the temperature is increased. For which values would the energy value change? A E_\mathrm{a} only B E_\mathrm{mode} only C E_\mathrm{mode} and E_\mathrm{mean} only D E_\mathrm{a}, E_\mathrm{mode} and E_\mathrm{mean} (b) A catalyst is added to Container 3. For which values would the energy value change? (four options as on paper)
(a) E_\mathrm{a} 不随温度变;E_\mathrm{mode}E_\mathrm{mean}\rightarrow C。(b) 催化剂改变 E_\mathrm{a} 及分布特征标度 \rightarrow MS 标答 D。
[B1]\times2 MS: (a) C (b) D。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Jan 2024 (M24)

Which statement best explains why the rate of a chemical reaction increases with increasing temperature? A the activation energy decreases B the number of collisions increases C the kinetic energy of the particles increases D the frequency of collisions with E \ge E_\mathrm{a} increases
有效碰撞频率(能量达到 E_\mathrm{a})增加 \rightarrow D。
[B1] MS: D。
Equilibrium: \(T\) and \(p\)(平衡移动)
📖 DefinitionTopic 9:放热/吸热反应改变温度时,同时影响速率与平衡位置;气体分子数变化时改变总压影响平衡。
🔑 Key\Delta H>0(吸热)升温使平衡向产物方向移动;降温则相反。增压使平衡向气体 **摩尔数较少** 一侧移动。
🎯 Exam focus题干常同时问 rate 与 yield,要分别用碰撞理论与 Le Chatelier 回答。
🛠️ Technique先判 \Delta H 符号与气体系数和左右大小 \rightarrow 再选 rate/yield 组合选项。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Winter 2024

\mathrm{CH_4(g)+H_2O(g)\rightleftharpoons CO(g)+3H_2(g)}\quad \Delta H = +206\ \mathrm{kJ\ mol^{-1}} (a) What would be the effect of lowering the temperature? A rate increases, yield increases B rate increases, yield decreases C rate decreases, yield increases D rate decreases, yield decreases (b) What would be the effect of increasing the pressure? (select as on paper)
(a) 放热方向为逆反应,降温使 yield 减;速率随 T 降而减 \rightarrow D。(b) 右侧气体 mol 多,增压 yield 减、速率增 \rightarrow B。
[B1]\times2 MS: (a) D (b) B。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Jan 2024 (M24)

Which statement is not true for a system at dynamic equilibrium? A the position of equilibrium is affected by temperature, by pressure and by catalysts B the concentration of reactants is constant C the forward and backward reactions occur at equal rates D the equilibrium can be reached from either direction
催化剂加快达到平衡但不改变平衡位置;A 项把催化剂与平衡移动混为一谈,为 不正确 陈述 \rightarrow A。
[B1] MS: A。

Edexcel WCH12/01 March 2022 (M22)

\mathrm{2NO_2(g)\rightleftharpoons N_2O_4(g)} (brown / colourless). In a gas syringe the mixture is pale brown. When the mixture is compressed the colour becomes A darker B lighter C darker and then lighter D lighter and then darker
加压瞬间浓度皆增颜色变深;随后平衡向气体分子数少的一侧(\mathrm{N_2O_4})移动,\mathrm{NO_2} 量减少颜色再变浅 \rightarrow C。
[B1] MS: C(wch12_m22_ms_12)。

9. Topic 9 — Practical

\(\mathrm{H_2SO_4}\)–\(\mathrm{NaOH}\) titre(中和计量)
📖 DefinitionTopic 9:二元酸与碱反应注意 \mathrm{H^+}\mathrm{OH^-} 摩尔比;\mathrm{H_2SO_4}\equiv 2\mathrm{H^+}
🔑 Key\mathrm{H_2SO_4+2NaOH\rightarrow Na_2SO_4+2H_2O} 型计量用于求恰好中和所需酸体积。
🎯 Exam focus易忘 \mathrm{H_2SO_4} 提供 **2** 当量 \mathrm{H^+}
🛠️ Techniquen(\mathrm{OH^-}) \rightarrow n(\mathrm{H^+})\frac12 n(\mathrm{H_2SO_4}) \rightarrowcV

Edexcel WCH12/01 Winter 2024

Sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide react as shown. \mathrm{H_2SO_4(aq)+2NaOH(aq)\rightarrow Na_2SO_4(aq)+2H_2O(l)} Which sample of sulfuric acid solution will be exactly neutralised by 20\ \mathrm{cm^3} of 0.5\ \mathrm{mol\ dm^{-3}} sodium hydroxide? Table: Volume / \mathrm{cm^3} vs Concentration / \mathrm{mol\ dm^{-3}} — A 20,\,0.25 B 20,\,0.5 C 40,\,0.5 D 10,\,1.0
n(\mathrm{NaOH})=0.01\ \mathrm{mol} \rightarrow n(\mathrm{H_2SO_4})=0.005\ \mathrm{mol} \rightarrow c=0.25V=20\ \mathrm{cm^3} \rightarrow A。
[B1] MS: A。
Titration: indicator & % uncertainty(滴定终点与误差)
📖 DefinitionTopic 9:强酸强碱滴定中甲基橙终点由酸色到碱色域;混合后盐浓度用总物质的量除以总体积;百分不确定度按仪器读数规则叠加。
🔑 Key甲基橙在酸中红、碱中黄,强酸滴定至中和点附近常描述为 red \rightarrow orange。
🎯 Exam focusburette / pipette 读一次还是两次决定不确定度是否乘 2。
🛠️ Technique先写反应计量求终态浓度 \rightarrow 再单独用误差公式检查选项叙述。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

In a titration, a conical flask containing 10.00\ \mathrm{cm^3} of 1.00\ \mathrm{mol\ dm^{-3}} sulfuric acid is fully neutralised by 25.00\ \mathrm{cm^3} of 0.80\ \mathrm{mol\ dm^{-3}} potassium hydroxide. (a) Methyl orange as indicator — what colour change at the end-point? A orange to red B red to orange C orange to yellow D yellow to orange (b) Concentration of \mathrm{K_2SO_4} produced at end-point (2 s.f.)? A 0.010 B 0.020 C 0.29 D 0.57 (c) Uncertainty table as on paper — which statement is true?
(a) 酸过量起点红 \rightarrow 终点橙 \rightarrow B;(b) 按体积与计量算 \mathrm{K_2SO_4} 浓度 \rightarrow C;(c) 总百分不确定度 \rightarrow C。
[B1]\times3 MS: (a) B (b) C (c) C。

10. Topic 8/1 — Moles & reagents

Counting ions from mass(由质量求离子数)
📖 DefinitionTopic 1/8:n=m/M_r,再按化学式拆离子数目(注意多原子阴离子系数)。
🔑 Key\mathrm{Fe_2(SO_4)_3} 每式含 3\ \mathrm{SO_4^{2-}}
🎯 Exam focus题给 M_r 近似时按卷面数据计算,勿自行改。
🛠️ Techniquen(\mathrm{formula}) \rightarrow 乘每式硫酸根个数 \rightarrowL

Edexcel WCH12/01 Winter 2024

A 20\ \mathrm{g} sample of iron(III) sulfate, \mathrm{Fe_2(SO_4)_3}, was dissolved in water. How many sulfate ions are in the solution formed? [Assume M_\mathrm{r}\ \mathrm{Fe_2(SO_4)_3}=400; Avogadro constant L = 6.0\times10^{23}\ \mathrm{mol^{-1}}]
n=20/400=0.05\ \mathrm{mol} 式单位 \rightarrow n(\mathrm{SO_4^{2-}})=0.15\ \mathrm{mol} \rightarrow 9\times10^{22} \rightarrow B。
[B1] MS: B。
Concentrated \(\mathrm{H_2SO_4}\) + halide salts
📖 DefinitionTopic 8:浓硫酸与固态卤化物反应可生成卤化氢气体;与 \mathrm{KCl} 常写成 \mathrm{KHSO_4}\mathrm{HCl}(非置换出 \mathrm{Cl_2})。
🔑 Key非氧化性酸制备 \mathrm{HCl} 的典型实验室叙述。
🎯 Exam focus区分 “制 \mathrm{HCl}” 与 “被氧化成 \mathrm{Cl_2}” 的条件(氧化剂、浓度)。
🛠️ Technique看反应物是否仅为酸 +卤化物盐、无强氧化条件 \rightarrow\mathrm{HCl}/酸式盐组合。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Winter 2024

Which substance is formed when concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with solid potassium chloride? A \mathrm{Cl_2} B \mathrm{S} C \mathrm{H_2S} D \mathrm{KHSO_4}
生成 \mathrm{HCl} 与硫酸氢钾(选项 D 为产物之一)\rightarrow D。
[B1] MS: D。

11. Topic 8 — Redox & displacement

Group 7 redox & oxidation numbers(卤素氧化还原与氧化数)
📖 DefinitionTopic 8:判断“卤素被氧化”看氧化数是否升高;一般氧化数:\mathrm{F} 在化合物中 -1\mathrm{H} 在氢化物中为 -1,在 \mathrm{CH_4} 等为 +1
🔑 Key\mathrm{Br_2}\rightarrow \mathrm{BrF}\mathrm{Br} 氧化数升高;\mathrm{CH_4} 中无 -1\mathrm{H}(氢为 +1)。
🎯 Exam focus“哪项反应涉及卤素被氧化”与“哪一化合物不含 -1 价元素”分属不同问法,先读清题干。
🛠️ Technique标氧化数 \rightarrow 对卤素只看其前后变化;对“不含 -1”逐化合物排查 \mathrm{H}\mathrm{O} 等。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Jan 2024 (M24)

Which reaction involves the oxidation of a Group 7 element? A \mathrm{Br_2+F_2\rightarrow 2BrF} B \mathrm{U+3ClF_3\rightarrow UF_6+3ClF} C \mathrm{2F_2+2H_2O\rightarrow 4HF+O_2} D \mathrm{KCl+H_2SO_4\rightarrow HCl+KHSO_4}
\mathrm{Br_2}\mathrm{Br} 被氧化到 \mathrm{BrF} 中正价 \rightarrow A。
[B1] MS: A。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Jan 2024 (M24)

Which compound does not contain an element with an oxidation number of -1? A \mathrm{HF} B \mathrm{NaH} C \mathrm{H_2O_2} D \mathrm{CH_4}
\mathrm{CH_4} 中氢为 +1、碳 -4,无 -1 价元素 \rightarrow D。
[B1] MS: D。
Aqueous halogen displacement(水溶液中置换与萃取颜色)
📖 DefinitionTopic 8:按反应活性,较强氧化剂(如 \mathrm{Cl_2})可把较弱卤离子(\mathrm{Br^-}\mathrm{I^-})氧化为单质;生成 \mathrm{I_2}\mathrm{Br_2} 在有机溶剂中呈现特征颜色。不可能发生的置换(如试图用较弱卤素把 \mathrm{F^-} 氧化成 \mathrm{F_2})需用活性顺序排除。
🔑 Key\mathrm{Cl_2+2I^-\rightarrow 2Cl^-+I_2}\mathrm{I_2} 在非极性有机层中常为紫色/紫红(卷面选项用 violet 等)。
🎯 Exam focus“有机层颜色”题:先写氧化还原产物,再按溶解性与选项比对;**哪一反应预期不发生** 用向下活性递减判断。
🛠️ Technique写半反应或净离子式 \rightarrow 确认氧化剂/还原剂相对强弱 \rightarrow 选颜色或“不会发生”的选项。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2022

Aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous potassium iodide. A non-polar organic solvent is added and the mixture is shaken; layers separate. What colour is seen in the organic layer? A brown B green C orange D violet
\mathrm{Cl_2} 氧化 \mathrm{I^-}\mathrm{I_2}\mathrm{I_2} 溶于非极性有机溶剂呈紫色系 \rightarrow D。
[B1] MS: D(wch12_s22_ms_12)。

Edexcel WCH12/01 March 2023 (M23)

Which equation shows a redox reaction that would not be expected to occur, based on the trend in reactivity of the halogens? A \mathrm{I_2(aq)+2At^-(aq)\rightarrow At_2(aq)+2I^-(aq)} B \mathrm{2Br^-(aq)+Cl_2(aq)\rightarrow 2Cl^-(aq)+Br_2(aq)} C \mathrm{Cl_2(aq)+2I^-(aq)\rightarrow I_2(aq)+2Cl^-(aq)} D \mathrm{2F^-(aq)+At_2(aq)\rightarrow 2At^-(aq)+F_2(aq)}
\mathrm{F_2} 是最强氧化剂,\mathrm{F^-} 不会被 \mathrm{At_2} 氧化成 \mathrm{F_2} \rightarrow D。
[B1] MS: D(wch12_m23_ms_12)。

12. Topic 8 — Halogen physical

Halogen London forces & \(\mathrm{I_2}\) solvent layers(沸点与分层颜色)
📖 DefinitionTopic 8:卤素单质为对称非极性分子,沸点主要受 **London(瞬时偶极)力** 支配,随电子数增多、更易极化而升高;\mathrm{I_2} 在环己烷与水中溶解度不同,结合密度判断上下层及颜色。
🔑 Key解释 down group 沸点升高:选 **分子中电子数增多** 而非电负性或键极性简单递增。
🎯 Exam focus环己烷密度 1 \rightarrow 上层为有机相;\mathrm{I_2} 在有机相中颜色与水相不同。
🛠️ Technique沸点 MCQ先想 IMF 类型 \rightarrow 分层题先标上下相再对颜色表。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

The boiling temperatures of the halogens increase down Group 7 because on descending the group the A bond polarities increase B covalent bond strengths increase C electronegativities increase D number of electrons in the molecule increase
沸点升高主要因分子变大、London 力增强 \rightarrow D。
[B1] MS: D。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

Cyclohexane (density =0.78\ \mathrm{g\ cm^{-3}}) and aqueous iodine (density >1.0\ \mathrm{g\ cm^{-3}}) are shaken and left to stand. What colours are the two layers that form? (table: lower / upper layer colours as on paper)
上层环己烷中 \mathrm{I_2} 呈紫色;下层水相为黄等(见卷面表)\rightarrow B。
[B1] MS: B。
Down-group trends table(沸点、电负性、氧化性)
📖 DefinitionTopic 8:沿 Group 7 向下,原子半径增大、电负性 **降低**;单质沸点因 London 力 **升高**;作氧化剂的活性 **减弱**(与标准电极电势趋势一致)。
🔑 Key表格题常三列:bp、\chi、oxidising ability — 方向不要记反。
🎯 Exam focus“reactivity as oxidising agent” 指单质 **夺取电子** 的能力,\mathrm{F_2} 最强,向下减弱。
🛠️ Technique逐列打勾:沸点升、电负性降、氧化性降 \rightarrow 对行选字母。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Jan 2024 (M24)

Which row shows the correct trends down the group for the elements of Group 7? (table columns: boiling temperature; electronegativity; reactivity as oxidising agent — rows A–D as on paper)
沸点升高、电负性降低、作氧化剂活性降低 \rightarrow A(increases, decreases, decreases)。
[B1] MS: A。

13. Topic 10 — Substitution & oxidation

Haloalkane + \(\mathrm{OH^-}\)(亲核取代)
📖 DefinitionTopic 10:氯乙烷与 \mathrm{KOH(aq)} 生成乙醇:\mathrm{OH^-} 作 **nucleophile**;机理为弯箭头表示 \mathrm{C-Cl} 极性断裂与进攻。
🔑 Key碱性水溶液中亲核取代;弯箭头从孤对指向缺电子碳。
🎯 Exam focus区分 nucleophile / base / electrophile 角色用语。
🛠️ Technique先答角色再选弯箭头方向符合 \mathrm{S_N2}(或卷面指定)图示。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Winter 2024

Chloroethane reacts with aqueous potassium hydroxide to produce ethanol. (a) What is the role of the hydroxide ion in this reaction? A reducing agent B nucleophile C electrophile D base (b) Which mechanism shows the correct movement of electrons? (four diagrams on paper)
(a) 亲核进攻 \mathrm{C} \rightarrow B;(b) 弯箭头符合从 \mathrm{OH^-} 进攻、\mathrm{Cl^-} 离去 \rightarrow C(MS)。
[B1]\times2 MS: (a) B (b) C。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Jan 2024 (M24)

Silver nitrate, in aqueous ethanol, is added separately to four halogenoalkanes. Which would form a silver halide precipitate in the shortest time? A 1-bromobutane B 1-chlorobutane C 1-fluorobutane D 1-iodobutane
\mathrm{C-I} 键最易断,取代最快 \rightarrow D。
[B1] MS: D。
Acidified \(\mathrm{K_2Cr_2O_7}\)(醇的氧化)
📖 DefinitionTopic 10:酸化重铬酸钾可氧化醇;**酮**(如丙酮)在该条件下不再被氧化,无颜色变化。
🔑 Key一级、二级醇被氧化;三级醇与酮通常无进一步氧化变色。
🎯 Exam focus题若问 “which would **not** give a colour change” 选酮或三级醇。
🛠️ Technique先分类官能团 \rightarrow 再看是否还能被氧化。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Winter 2024

This question is about four organic compounds: propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, propanal, propanone. (a) Which compound would not give a colour change when heated with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution?
丙酮为酮,不被酸化重铬酸钾进一步氧化至变色 \rightarrow D。
[B1] MS: D。

14. Topic 10 — MS, IR & naming

MS (\(m/z\)) & IR spectroscopy(质谱与红外)
📖 DefinitionTopic 10:质谱中碎片峰与断裂途径相关;红外中 \mathrm{O-H}(宽)、\mathrm{C=O} 等吸收位置需与 Data Booklet 对照。
🔑 Keym/z=31 常对应含氧碎片;羧酸 IR 常同时呈现宽 \mathrm{O-H}\mathrm{C=O}
🎯 Exam focusMS 与 IR 常连环:先用碎片/分子离子缩小结构,再用 IR 确认官能团。
🛠️ TechniqueMS:先 M^+ 或最大质量峰 \rightarrow 碎片机理;IR:查关键波数区间再选官能团。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Winter 2024

(Propanol / propanal set.) (b) Which compound could give peaks at m/z = 31 and m/z = 60 in its mass spectrum? A propan-1-ol B propan-2-ol C propanal D propanone
碎片与 M^+ 匹配丙-1-醇 \rightarrow A。
[B1] MS: A。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Winter 2024

An infrared spectrum for a compound containing one functional group is shown (transmittance vs wavenumber). Which functional group is most likely to be present in this compound? Refer to your Data Booklet. A an aldehyde B an alcohol C a carboxylic acid D a ketone
\mathrm{O-H} + 羰基吸收特征 \rightarrow 羧酸 \rightarrow C。
[B1] MS: C。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Summer 2024

Bromine and chlorine each have two stable isotopes, \mathrm{^{79}Br}, \mathrm{^{81}Br}, \mathrm{^{35}Cl} and \mathrm{^{37}Cl}. Which statement is true? A the atomic radius of \mathrm{^{81}Br} is greater than that of \mathrm{^{79}Br} B the electronegativity of \mathrm{^{35}Cl} is greater than that of \mathrm{^{37}Cl} C the first ionisation energy of \mathrm{^{37}Cl} is greater than that of \mathrm{^{79}Br} D the mass spectrum of \mathrm{CH_2BrCl} has two molecular ion peaks
同位素化学性质极相近;\mathrm{Cl} 的第一电离能高于 \mathrm{Br} \rightarrow C。
[B1] MS: C。
Alcohol IUPAC naming(醇的命名)
📖 DefinitionTopic 10:选最长含 \mathrm{-OH} 碳链,编号使 \mathrm{-OH} 位次最小;侧链按字母顺序与位次标明。
🔑 Key手抄结构时先找主链碳数与 \mathrm{-OH} 位置,再核对甲基、乙基支链编号。
🎯 Exam focus主链选错会整题错;注意 “某烷 **-n-** ol” 编号方向。
🛠️ Technique编号 \rightarrow 写主名 \rightarrow 加支链前缀 \rightarrow 与选项逐项比对。

Edexcel WCH12/01 Winter 2024

What is the name of the alcohol shown? (structure on paper: \mathrm{-OH} on chain with methyl branch.) A 4-ethyl-4-methylbutan-3-ol B 4-methylhexan-3-ol C 3-methylhexan-3-ol D 2-ethylpentan-3-ol
按最长链与 \mathrm{-OH} 位次 \rightarrow B。
[B1] MS: B。

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